Degradación, absorción, inyectabilidad y resistencia mecánica de sustitutos óseos inyectables compuestos de fibroína y nanobarras de hidroxiapatita
Resumen
Los sustitutos óseos inyectables son materiales compuestos que tienen la propiedad de dejarse extruir a través de un dispositivo; constan de una fase solida inmersa en una matriz que permite el fácil movimiento del componente sólido, y tienen como ventaja permitir su aplicación in situ sin necesidad de recurrir a técnicas quirúrgicas invasivas, garantizando una buena recuperación; razón por la que son considerados una buena alternativa para reemplazar las técnicas convencionales para la reparación de defectos óseos, las cuales incluyen, principalmente, el uso de aloinjertos y autoinjertos, que generan una serie de reacciones adversas y tienen desventajas tanto para el médico como para el paciente. En Colombia no se encuentran reportes acerca del desarrollo de sustitutos óseos; esto genera la necesidad de investigar un material compuesto que tenga potencial aplicación como sustituto óseo inyectable. En la presente investigación se fabricaron sustitutos óseos de hidroxiapatita –fosfato de calcio que mayor similitud presenta con el tejido óseo–, sintetizada en nanobarras, con tamaño y forma similar a como se dispone naturalmente en el hueso; y la fibroína de seda extraída de los capullos del gusano Bombyx mori, como polímero natural de naturaleza proteica con altas propiedades mecánicas y excelente biocompatibilidad. Los materiales fabricados se caracterizaron por degradación en solución fisiológica a temperatura corporal, absorción de agua, inyectabilidad y resistencia mecánica. Los sustitutos óseos fabricados presentaron buenas propiedades de degradación y absorción, una inyectabilidad aproximada del 97 % y baja resistencia mecánica, mostrando propiedades promisorias para usarse como sustituto óseo inyectable.
Palabras clave
biomateriales, cerámicos, materiales compuesto, polímeros, sustitutos óseos
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