Gasificación de carbón, biomasa de Chenopodium album, y cogasificación de una mezcla de carbón y biomasa mediante análisis termogavimétrico de gases
Resumen
Se llevaron a cabo estudios de gasificación con carbón subituminoso de la provincia Centro del departamento de Boyacá (Colombia), biomasa vegetal de Chenopodium album (cenizo) y de cogasificación de mezclas de carbón-biomasa, aglomerada con parafina en un analizador termogravimétrico. Se observó que la biomasa promovió sinergéticamente la transformación termoquímica del carbón. Los resultados experimentales fueron comparados con simulaciones de la composición de equilibrio. Se realizaron pruebas de fusibilidad de cenizas de la mezcla carbón-biomasa, que permitieron determinar si se comportarían como cenizas secas o fluidas durante el proceso de gasificación, de acuerdo con la composición química. A partir de la experimentación fue posible establecer diferencias entre la descomposición térmica del carbón, el cenizo y la mezcla de carbón-biomasa, las cuales son atribuibles a las propiedades fisicoquímicas de cada combustible sólido. Para precisar la composición del syngas producido durante las pruebas, se hicieron análisis de cromatografía de gases. El syngas obtenido a partir de la biomasa tuvo la concentración más alta de CO y la más baja de H2; el carbón y la mezcla carbón-biomasa tuvieron concentraciones ligeramente menores. Las concentraciones de CH4, CO2 y C2H4 fueron similares entre el carbón y la biomasa. Este resultado es consistente con el valor calorífico alto del syngas obtenido a partir del carbón. La producción del syngas de la mezcla carbón-biomasa presentó los valores más bajos en los contenidos de H2 y CO, debido al fenómeno sinergético que ocurre con la mezcla del combustible. La cogasificación de la mezcla carbón-biomasa dio la mayor producción de gas, de eficiencia en la conversión de carbón y de eficiencia térmica. Estos resultados indican la viabilidad del proceso de cogasificación de mezclas aglomeradas de carbón con Chenopodium album. En gasificación de mezclas no aglomeradas de carbón-cenizo, la biomasa puede quemarse directamente sin producir syngas.
Palabras clave
carbón-biomasa, chenopodium álbum, cogasificación, gas de síntesis, mezclas aglomeradas, sinergia
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