Estado actual de fitopatógenos de importancia agrícola para Colombia. Una revisión
- Tiago Miguel Marques Monteiro Amaro
, - Jonathan Cope,
- Bárbara Franco-Orozco
Resumen
Las enfermedades de las plantas constituyen todavía un gran factor limitante para la producción agrícola a nivel global. Los patógenos y plagas vegetales disminuyen el rendimiento agrícola y pueden causar grandes reducciones en la calidad de los cultivos cosechados. Colombia no es una excepción, ya que lucha contra muchos fitopatógenos devastadores que representan una gran amenaza para el sector agrícola del país. Este artículo de revisión es importante ya que destaca cuatro de los fitopatógenos más devastadores que afectan económicamente cultivos de gran importancia en Colombia - Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), Phytophthora palmivora, y Hemileia vastatrix. Este trabajo fue desarrollado a través de una búsqueda extensiva de literatura acerca de enfermedades vegetales en Colombia en bases de datos como por ejemplo PubMed y Google Scholar. Además, esta búsqueda fue complementada con un rastreo acerca de la producción agrícola del país en bases de datos que se encuentran disponibles por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO). Los cuatro patógenos descritos en este trabajo fueron elegidos no solamente por sus actuales efectos devastadores en la producción agrícola colombiana pero también por su potencial para causar aún más daño en un futuro cercano. El entendimiento de la situación actual de estos fitopatógenos en Colombia es esencial para que se implementen políticas públicas que promuevan el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias de control eficientes e informadas.
Palabras clave
Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora palmivora, Hemileia vastatrix, Cambio climático, Interacción planta-patógeno
Citas
Abrahamian, P., S. Timilsina, G.V. Minsavage, N. Potnis, J.B. Jones, E.M. Goss, and G.E. Vallad. 2019. Molecular epidemiology of Xanthomonas perforans Outbreaks in tomato plants from transplant to field as determined by single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 85, e01220-19. Doi: 10.1128/AEM.01220-19
Álvarez, E. 2006 Enfermedades limitantes de la yuca. Consorcio Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Apoyo a la Investigación y Desarrollo de la Yuca (CLAYUCA); Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia.
Arrieta-Ortiz, M.L., L.M. Rodríguez-R., Á.L. Pérez-Quintero, L. Poulin, A.C. Díaz, N. Arias, C. Trujillo, M. Restrepo, R. Bart, J. Boch, T. Boureau, A. Darrasse, P. David, T.D. Bernonville, P. Fontanilla, L. Gagnevin, F. Guérin, M.-A. Jacques, E. Lauber, P. Lefeuvre, C. Medina, E. Medina, N. Montenegro, A. Muñoz, L.D. Noël, J.F. Ortiz, D. Osorio, C. Pardo, P.B. Patil, S. Poussier, O. Pruvost, I. Robène-Soustrade, R.P. Ryan, J. Tabima, O.G. Urrego, C. Vernière, S. Carrere, V. Verdier, B. Szurek, S. Restrepo, C. López, and R. Koebnik. 2013 Genomic survey of pathogenicity determinants and VNTR markers in the cassava bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Manihotis strain CIO151. PLoS ONE 8(11), e79704. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079704
Avelino, J., M. Cristancho, S. Georgiou, P. Imbach, L. Aguilar, G. Bornemann, P. Läderach, F. Anzueto, A.J. Hruska, and C. Morales. 2015. The coffee rust crises in Colombia and Central America (2008-2013): impacts, plausible causes and proposed solutions. Food Sec. 7, 303-321. Doi: 10.1007/s12571-015-0446-9
Ávila, K. and H.M. Romero. 2017. Plant responses to pathogen attack: molecular basis of qualitative resistance. Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Medellin 70(2), 8225-8235. Doi: 10.15446/rfna.v70n2.64526
Bansal, K., S. Midha, S. Kumar, and P. Patil. 2017. Ecological and evolutionary insights into Xanthomonas citri pathovar diversity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 83, e02993-16. Doi: 10.1128/AEM.02993-16
Bart, R., M. Cohn, A. Kassen, E.J. McCallum, M. Shybut, A. Petriello, K. Krasileva, D. Dahlbeck, C. Medina, T. Alicai, L. Kumar, L.M. Moreira, J.R. Neto, V. Verdier, M.A. Santana, N. Kositcharoenkul, H. Vanderschuren, W. Gruissem, A. Bernal, and B.J. Staskawicz. 2012. High-throughput genomic sequencing of cassava bacterial blight strains identifies conserved effectors to target for durable resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109(28), 1972-1979. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.1208003109
Bernal-Galeano, V., J.C. Ochoa, C. Trujillo, L. Rache, A. Bernal, and C.A. López. 2018. Development of a multiplex nested PCR method for detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis in cassava. Trop. Plant Pathol. 43, 341-350. Doi: 10.1007/s40858-018-0214-4
Boher, B. and V. Verdier. 1994. Cassava bacterial blight in Africa: the state of knowledge and implications for designing control strategies. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 2, 505-509.
Bubici, G., M. Kaushal, M.I. Prigigallo, C. Gómez-Lama Cabanás, and J. Mercado-Blanco. 2019. Biological control agents against Fusarium wilt of banana. Front. Microbiol. 10, 616. Doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00616
Büttner, D. and S.Y. He. 2009. Type III protein secretion in plant pathogenic bacteria. Plant Physiol. 150(4), 1656-1664. DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.139089
Cadavid López, L.F. 2006. Aspectos tecnológicos sobre producción de yuca. Consorcio Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Apoyo a la Investigación y Desarrollo de la Yuca (CLAYUCA); Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia.
Chakraborty, S. and A. Newton. 2011. Climate change, plant diseases and food security: an overview. Plant Pathol. 60, 2-14. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02411.x
Chavarriaga-Aguirre, P., A. Brand, A. Medina, M. Prías, R. Escobar, J. Martinez, P. Díaz, C. López, W.M. Roca, and J. Tohme. 2016. The potential of using biotechnology to improve cassava: a review. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant 52, 461-478. Doi: 10.1007/s11627-016-9776-3
Chen, A., J. Sun, A. Matthews, L. Armas-Egas, N. Chen, S. Hamill, L.T.T. Tran-Nguyen, J. Batley, and E.A.B. Aitken. 2019. Assessing variations in host resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f sp. cubense Race 4 in Musa species, with a focus on the subtropical Race 4. Front. Microbiol. 10, 1062. Doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01062
Cristancho, M.A., D.O. Botero-Rozo, W. Giraldo, J. Tabima, D.M. Riaño-Pachón, C. Escobar, Y. Rozo, L.F. Rivera, A. Durán, S. Restrepo, T. Eilam, Y. Anikster, and A.L. Gaitán. 2014. Annotation of a hybrid partial genome of the coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix) contributes to the gene repertoire catalog of the Pucciniales. Front. Plant Sci. 5, 594. Doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00594
DANE, Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística of Colombia. 2016. Boletín mensual insumos y factores asociados a la producción agropecuaria: El cultivo de la yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Report No. 46. Bogota.
Dean, R., J. Van Kan, Z. Pretorius, K. Hammond-Kosack, A. Di Pietro, P. Spanu, J.J. Rudd, M. Dickman, R. Kahmann, J. Ellis, and G.D. Foster. 2012. The top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology. Mol. Plant Pathol. 13, 414-430. Doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00783.x
Di Pietro, A., M.P. Madrid, Z. Caracuel, J. Delgado-Jarana, and M.I.G. Roncero. 2003. Fusarium oxysporum: exploring the molecular arsenal of a vascular wilt fungus. Mol. Plant Pathol. 4(5), 315-325. Doi: 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00180.x
Díaz, P.A., M. Herrera, J.C. Ochoa, A. Medina, M.A. Prías, V. Verdier, P. Chavarriaga, and C.E. López. 2018. The overexpression of RXam1, a cassava gene coding for an RLK, confers disease resistance to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis. Planta 247, 1031-1042. Doi: 10.1007/s00425-018-2863-4
Dita, M., M. Barquero, D. Heck, E.S.G. Mizubuti, and C.P. Staver. 2018. Fusarium wilt of banana: Current knowledge on epidemiology and research needs toward sustainable disease management. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 1468. Doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01468
Donatelli, M., R. Magarey, S. Bregaglio, L. Willocquet, J. Whish, and S. Savary. 2017. Modelling the impacts of pests and diseases on agricultural systems. Agric. Syst. 155, 213-224. Doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.019
Drenth, A. and D.I. Guest. 2016. Fungal and oomycete diseases of tropical tree fruit crops. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 54, 373-395. Doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-095944
Dusunceli, F. 2017. Global programme on banana Fusarium wilt disease: Protecting banana production from the disease with focus on tropical Race 4 (TR4). FAO, Rome.
Erwin, D.C. and O.K. Ribeiro. 1996. Phytophthora diseases worldwide. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.
Evangelisti, E., A. Gogleva, T. Hainaux, M. Doumane, F. Tulin, C. Quan, T. Yunusov, K. Floch, and S. Schornack. 2017. Time-resolved dual transcriptomics reveal early induced Nicotiana benthamiana root genes and conserved infection-promoting Phytophthora palmivora effectors. BMC Biol. 15, 39. Doi: 10.1186/s12915-017-0379-1
Fanou, A., V. Zinsou, and K. Wydra. 2018. Cassava bacterial blight: A devastating disease of cassava. pp. 13-36. In: Waisundara, V.Y. (eds.). Cassava. IntechOpen, New Delhi. Doi: 10.5772/intechopen.71527
FAO. 2006. Food security. FAO Policy Brief No. 2. In: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/faoitaly/documents/pdf/pdf_Food_Security_Cocept_Note.pdf; consulted: March, 2021.
FAO. 2015. FAO statistical pocketbook coffee 2015. Rome.
FAO. 2018. FAOSTAT statistical database. Crops. In: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home; consulted: June, 2020.
FAO. 2019. FAOSTAT statistical database. In: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home; consulted: April, 2021.
García-Bastidas, F.A., J.C. Quintero-Vargas, M. Ayala-Vasquez, T. Schermer, M.F. Seidl, M. Santos-Paiva, A.M. Noguera, C. Aguilera-Galvez, A. Wittenberg, R. Hofstede, A. Sørensen, and G.H.J. Kema. 2020. First report of Fusarium wilt tropical Race 4 in Cavendish bananas caused by Fusarium odoratissimum in Colombia. Plant Dis. 104(3), 994-994. Doi: 10.1094/PDIS-09-19-1922-PDN
Graham, F. 2019. Daily briefing: A devastating banana fungus just reached the Americas. Nature, 20 August. Doi: 10.1038/d41586-019-02506-7
Hardham, A. 2007. Cell biology of plant-oomycete interactions. Cell. Microb. 9(1), 31-39. Doi: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00833.x
Hayward, A.C. 1993. The hosts of Xanthomonas. pp. 1-119. In: Swings, J. and L. Civerolo (eds.). Xanthomonas. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-1526-1
Hennessy, C., G. Walduck, A. Daly, and A. Padovan. 2005. Weed hosts of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense tropical Race 4 in northern Australia. Australas. Plant Pathol. 34, 115-117. Doi: 10.1071/ap04091
Hernandez, J.M., R. Laberry, and J.C. Lozano. 1986. Observations on the effect of inoculating cassava (Manihot esculenta) plantlets with fluorescent pseudomona. J. Phytopathol. 117(1), 17-25. Doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.1986.tb04355.x
Herrera, M., D. Portillo, M.A. Pulido, P.A. Diaz, and C.E. López. 2018. Estudio de la expresión de genes que codifican para putativas proteínas PR en yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Acta Biol. Colomb. 23(3), 242-252. Doi: 10.15446/abc.v23n3.70868
Ho, H.H. 2018. The taxonomy and biology of Phytophthora and Pythium. J. Bacteriol. Mycol.: Open Access 6(1), 40-45. Doi: 10.15406/jbmoa.2018.06.00174
Howeler, R., N. Lutaladio, and G. Thomas. 2013. Save and grow: Cassava. A guide to sustainable production intensification. Rome.
Hudson, R. 2010. Colombia a country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Jarvis, A., J. Ramirez-Villegas, B.V. Herrera, and C. Navarro-Racines. 2012. Is cassava the answer to African climate change adaptation? Trop. Plant Biol. 5, 9-29. Doi: 10.1007/s12042-012-9096-7
Jones, J. and J. Dangl. 2006. The plant immune system. Nature 444, 323-329. Doi: 10.1038/nature05286
Judelson, H.S. and F.A. Blanco. 2005. The spores of Phytophthora: weapons of the plant destroyer. Nature Rev. Microb. 3, 47-58. Doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1064
Jorge, V., M.A. Fregene, M.C. Duque, M.W. Bonierbale, J. Tohme, and V. Verdier. 2000. Genetic mapping of resistance to bacterial blight disease in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Theor. Appl. Genet. 101, 865-872. Doi: 10.1007/s001220051554
Kamoun, S., O. Furzer, J. Jones, H. Judelson, G. Ali, R. Dalio, S.G. Roy, L. Schena, A. Zambounis, F. Panabières, D. Cahill, M. Ruocco, A. Figueiredo, X.-R. Chen, J. Hulvey, R. Stam, K. Lamour, M. Gijzen, B.M. Tyler, N.J. Grünwald, M.S. Mukhtar, D.F.A. Tomé, M. Tör, G. Van Den Ackerveken, J. McDowell, F. Daayf, W.E. Fry, H. Lindqvist‐Kreuze, H.J.G. Meijer, B. Petre, J. Ristaino, K. Yoshida, P.R.J. Birch, and F. Govers. 2015. The top 10 oomycete pathogens in molecular plant pathology. Mol. Plant Pathol. 16, 413-434. Doi: 10.1111/mpp.12190
Kpemoua, K., B. Boher, M. Nicole, P. Calatayud, and J.P. Geiger. 1996. Cytochemistry of defense responses in cassava infected by Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis. Can. J. Microbiol. 42(11), 1131-1143. Doi: 10.1139/m96-145
Kushalappa, A.C. and A.B. Eskes. 1989. Advances in coffee rust research. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 27, 503-531. Doi: 10.1146/annurev.py.27.090189.002443
Lau, C., A. Jarvis, and J. Ramírez. 2013. Colombian agriculture: Adapting to climate change. CIAT, Cali, Colombia.
Lin, Z.J., N.J. Taylor, and R. Bart. 2019. Engineering disease-resistant cassava. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 11, a034595. Doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034595
Lombard, L., M. Sandoval-Denis, S.C. Lamprecht, and P.W. Crous. 2019. Epitypification of Fusarium oxysporum – clearing the taxonomic chaos. Persoonia – Mol. Phylog. Evol. Fungi 43, 1-47. Doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2019.43.01
López, C. and A. Bernal. 2012. Cassava bacterial blight: Using genomics for the elucidation and management of an old problem. Trop. Plant Biol. 5, 117-126. Doi: 10.1007/s12042-011-9092-3
Lozano, J.C. 1986. Cassava bacterial blight: A manageable disease. Plant Dis. 70, 1089-1093. Doi: 10.1094/PD-70-1089
Lozano, J.C. and L. Sequeira. 1974. Bacterial blight of cassava in Colombia: Etiology. Phytopathology 64, 74-82. Doi: 10.1094/Phyto-64-74
Maizatul-Suriza, M., M. Dickinson, and A.S. Idris. 2019. Molecular characterization of Phytophthora palmivora responsible for bud rot disease of oil palm in Colombia. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 35, 44. Doi: 10.1007/s11274-019-2618-9
Mansfield, J., S. Genin, S. Magori, V. Citovsky, M. Sriariyanum, P. Ronald, M. Dow, V. Verdier, S.V. Beer, M.A. Machado, I. Toth, G. Salmond, and G.D. Foster. 2012. Top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria in molecular plant pathology. Mol. Plant Pathol. 13(6), 614-629. Doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00804.x
Marelli, J.P., D.I. Guest, B.A. Bailey, H.C. Evans, J.K. Brown, M. Junaid, R.W. Barreto, D.O. Lisboa, and A.S. Puig. 2019. Chocolate under threat from old and new cacao diseases. Phytopathology 109(8), 1331-1343. Doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-12-18-0477-RVW
Marin, V.R., J.H. Ferrarezi, G. Vieira, and D.C. Sass. 2019. Recent advances in the biocontrol of Xanthomonas spp. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 35, 72. Doi: 10.1007/s11274-019-2646-5
Maryani, N., L. Lombard, Y.S. Poerba, S. Subandiyah, P.W. Crous, and G.H.J. Kema. 2019. Phylogeny and genetic diversity of the banana fusarium wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense in the Indonesian centre of origin. Stud. Mycol. 92, 155-194. Doi: 10.1016/j.simyco.2018.06.003
McCook, S. and J. Vandermeer. 2015. The big rust and the red queen: Long-term perspectives on coffee rust research. Phytopathology 105(9), 1164-1173. Doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-04-15-0085-RVW
Medina, C.A., P.A. Reyes, C.A. Trujillo, J.L. Gonzalez, D.A. Bejarano, N.A. Montenegro, J.M. Jacobs, A. Joe, S. Restrepo, J.R. Alfano, and A. Bernal. 2017. The role of type III effectors from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis in virulence and suppression of plant immunity. Mol. Plant Pathol. 19(3), 593-606. Doi: 10.1111/mpp.12545
Morales-Cruz, A., S. Ali, A. Minio, R. Figueroa-Balderas, J.F. García, T. Kasuga, A.S. Puig, J.-P. Marelli, B.A. Bailey, and D. Cantu. 2020. Independent whole-genome duplications define the architecture of the genomes of the devastating West African cacao black pod pathogen Phytophthora megakarya and its close relative Phytophthora palmivora. G3 Genes/Genomes/Genetics 10(7), 2241-2255. Doi: 10.1534/g3.120.401014
Nel, B., C. Steinberg, N. Labuschagne, and A. Viljoen. 2007. Evaluation of fungicides and sterilants for potential application in the management of Fusarium wilt of banana. Crop Prot. 26(7), 697-705. Doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.06.008
Obigbesan, G.O. and E.O. Matuluko. 1976. Effect of potassium and bacterial blight on the yield and chemical composition of cassava cultivars. pp. 185-188. In: Cock, J., R. MacIntyre, and M. Graham (eds.). Proc. 4th Symp. Int. Soc. Trop. Root Crops. IDRC, Ottawa; Cali, Colombia.
Ocimati, W., H. Bouwmeester, J.C.J. Groot, P. Tittonell, D. Brown, and G. Blomme. 2019. The risk posed by Xanthomonas wilt disease of banana: Mapping of disease hotspots, fronts and vulnerable landscapes. PloS ONE 14(4), e0213691. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213691
OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2015. OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Colombia 2015. Paris.
Oerke, E.-C. 2006. Crop losses to pests. J. Agric. Sci. 144(1), 31-43. Doi: 10.1017/S0021859605005708
Ordonez, N., M.F. Seidl, C. Waalwijk, A. Drenth, A. Kilian, B.P.H.J. Thomma, R.C. Ploetz, and G.H.J. Kema. 2015. Worse comes to worst: Bananas and panama disease—when plant and pathogen clones meet. PloS Pathog. 11(11), e1005197. Doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005197
Pattison, A.B., C.L. Wright, T.L. Kukulies, and A.B. Molina. 2014. Ground cover management alters development of Fusarium wilt symptoms in Ducasse bananas. Australas. Plant Pathol. 43, 465-476. Doi: 10.1007/s13313-014-0296-5
Pegg, K.G., L.M. Coates, W.T. O’Neill, and D.W. Turner. 2019. The epidemiology of Fusarium Wilt of banana. Front. Plant Sci. 10, 1395. Doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01395
Petre, B. and S. Kamoun. 2014. How do filamentous pathogens deliver effector proteins into plant cells? PLoS Biol. 12(2), e1001801. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001801
Ploetz, R.C. 2005. Panama disease: An old nemesis rears its ugly head: Part 1. The beginnings of the banana export trades. Plant Health Prog. 6, 1. Doi: 10.1094/PHP-2005-1221-01-RV
Ploetz, R.C. 2006. Panama disease: An old nemesis rears its ugly: Head part 2. The Cavendish era and beyond. Plant Health Prog. 7, 1. Doi: 10.1094/PHP-2006-0308-01-RV
Ploetz, R.C. 2015a. Fusarium wilt of banana. Phytopathology 105(12), 1512-1521. Doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-04-15-0101-RVW
Ploetz, R.C. 2015b. Management of Fusarium wilt of banana: A review with special reference to tropical Race 4. Crop Prot. 73, 7-15. Doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2015.01.007
Ponte, S. 2002. The ‘Latte Revolution’? Regulation, markets and consumption in the global coffee chain. World Dev. 30(7), 1099-1122. Doi: 10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00032-3
Porto, B.N., E.T. Caixeta, S.M. Mathioni, P.M.P. Vidigal, L. Zambolim, E.M. Zambolim, N. Donofrio, S.W. Polson, T.A. Maia, C. Chen, M. Adetunji, B. Kingham, R.J.D. Dalio, and M.L.V. Resende. 2019. Genome sequencing and transcript analysis of Hemileia vastatrix reveal expression dynamics of candidate effectors dependent on host compatibility. PloS ONE 14(4), e0215598. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215598
Qin, S., C. Ji, Y. Li, and Z. Wang. 2017. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of Race 1 and Race 4 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense induced with different carbon sources. G3 Genes/Genomes/Genetics 7(7), 2125-2138. Doi: 10.1534/g3.117.042226
Rache, L., L. Blondin, C. Flores, C. Trujillo, B. Szurek, S. Restrepo, R. Koebnik, A. Bernal, and C. Vernière. 2019. An optimized microsatellite scheme for assessing populations of Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. Manihotis. Phytopathology 109(5), 859-869. Doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-06-18-0210-R
Ramírez, J.G. 2016. Pérdidas económicas asociadas a la pudrición de la mazorca del cacao causada por Phytophthora spp., y Moniliophthora roreri (Cif y Par) Evans et al., en la hacienda Theobroma, Colombia. Rev. Prot. Veg. 31, 42-49.
Ramiro, D.A., J. Escoute, A.S. Petitot, M. Nicole, M.P. Maluf, and D. Fernandez. 2009. Biphasic haustorial differentiation of coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix Race II) associated with defence responses in resistant and susceptible coffee cultivars. Plant Pathol. 58, 944-955. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02122.x
Raza, A., A. Razzaq, S.S. Mehmood, X. Zou, X. Zhang, Y. Lv, and J. Xu. 2019. Impact of climate change on crops adaptation and strategies to tackle its outcome: A review. Plants 8(2), 34. Doi: 10.3390/plants8020034
Restrepo, S., M.C. Duque, and V. Verdier. 2000. Characterization of pathotypes among isolates of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis in Colombia. Plant Pathol. 49(6), 680-687. Doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00513.x
Restrepo, S., C.M. Velez, M.C. Duque, and V. Verdier. 2004. Genetic structure and population dynamics of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis in Colombia from 1995 to 1999. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 255-261. Doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.1.255-261.2004
Rodríguez, E. and A.G. Vera. 2015. Identificación y manejo de la pudrición parda de la mazorca (Phytophthora sp.) en cacao. Corpoica, Mosquera, Colombia.
Ryan, R., F. Vorhölter, N. Potnis, J. Jones, M. Van Sluys, A. Bogdanove, and M. Dow. 2011. Pathogenomics of Xanthomonas: understanding bacterium–plant interactions. Nature Rev. Microb. 9, 344-355. Doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2558
Soto, J., R.E. Mora, F. Calle, and C.E. López. 2017. QTL identification for cassava bacterial blight resistance under natural infection conditions. Acta Biol. Colomb. 22(1), 19-26. Doi: 10.15446/abc.v22n1.57951
Sun, J., J. Zhang, H. Fang, L. Peng, S. Wei, C. Li, S. Zheng, and J. Lu. 2019. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals resistance-related genes and pathways in Musa acuminata banana 'Guijiao 9' in response to Fusarium wilt. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 141, 83-94. Doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.05.022
Surujdeo-Maharaj, S., P. Umaharan, and A.D. Iwaro. 2001. A study of genotype-isolate interaction in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.): Resistance of cacao genotypes to isolates of Phytophthora palmivora. Euphytica 118, 295-303. Doi: 10.1023/A:1017516217662
Talhinhas, P., D. Batista, I. Diniz, A. Vieira, D.N. Silva, A. Loureiro, S. Tavares, A.P. Pereira, H.G. Azinheira, L. Guerra‐Guimarães, V. Várzea, and M.C. Silva. 2017. The coffee leaf rust pathogen Hemileia vastatrix: one and a half centuries around the tropics. Mol. Plant Pathol. 18(8), 1039-1051. Doi: 10.1111/mpp.12512
Thangavelu, R., M. Loganathan, R. Arthee, M. Prabakaran, and S. Uma. 2020. Fusarium wilt: a threat to banana cultivation and its management. CAB Rev. 15, 004. Doi: 10.1079/PAVSNNR202015004
The Bogota Post. 2017. From cocaine to cacao: Vichada’s transition to legal crops. In: https://thebogotapost.com/coca-cacao-vichadas-transition-legal-crops/21799/; consulted: June, 2020.
Torres, G.A., G.A. Sarria, G. Martinez, F. Varon, A. Drenth, and D.I. Guest. 2016. Bud rot caused by Phytophthora palmivora: A destructive emerging disease of oil palm. Phytopathology 106(4), 320-329. Doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-09-15-0243-RVW
Trujillo, C.A., J.C. Ochoa, M.F. Mideros, S. Restrepo, C. López, and A. Bernal. 2014. A complex population structure of the cassava pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis in recent years in the Caribbean Region of Colombia. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 155-167. Doi: 10.1007/s00248-014-0411-8
Van Der Biezen, E.A. and J.D.G. Jones. 1998. Plant disease-resistance proteins and the gene-for-gene concept. Trends Biochem. Sci. 23(12), 454-456. Doi: 10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01311-5
Verdier, V., S. Restrepo, G. Mosquera, V. Jorge, and C. Lopez. 2004. Recent progress in the characterization of molecular determinants in the Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis–cassava interaction. Plant Mol. Biol. 56, 573-584. Doi: 10.1007/s11103-004-5044-8
Wang, M., Y. Sun, G. Sun, X. Liu, L. Zhai, Q. Shen, and S. Guo. 2015. Water balance altered in cucumber plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Sci. Rep. 5, 7722. Doi: 10.1038/srep07722
Wydra, K., V. Zinsou, V. Jorge, and V. Verdier. 2004. Identification of pathotypes of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Manihotis in Africa and detection of quantitative trait loci and markers for resistance to bacterial blight of cassava. Phytopathology 94(10), 1084-1093. Doi: 10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.10.1084
Zambolim, L. 2016 Current status and management of coffee leaf rust in Brazil. Trop. Plant Pathol. 41, 1-8. Doi: 10.1007/s40858-016-0065-9
Zaragovia, V. 2018. From cocaine to cacao: One man's mission to save Colombia's farmers through chocolate. In: Pulitzer Center, https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/cocaine-cacao-one-mans-mission-save-colombias-farmers-through-chocolate; consulted: June, 2020.
Zhang, H., A. Mallik, and R.S. Zeng. 2013. Control of panama disease of banana by rotating and intercropping with chinese chive (Allium Tuberosum Rottler): Role of plant volatiles. J. Chem. Ecol. 39, 243-252. Doi: 10.1007/s10886-013-0243-x
Zhang, H. and S. Wang. 2013. Rice versus Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae: A unique pathosystem. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 16(2), 188-195. Doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.02.008
Zhang, L., T. Yuan, Y. Wang, D. Zhang, T. Bai, S. Xu, Y. Wang, W. Tang, and S.-J. Zheng. 2018. Identification and evaluation of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical Race 4 in Musa acuminata Pahang. Euphytica 214, 106. Doi: 10.1007/s10681-018-2185-4