Protección de plantas de tomate frente a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici inducida por quitosán
- Sandra L. Carmona
, - Andrea Villarreal-Navarrete,
- Diana Burbano-David,
- Magda Gómez-Marroquín,
- Esperanza Torres-Rojas,
- Mauricio Soto-Suárez
Resumen
Los procesos fisiológicos de plantas infectadas por patógenos vasculares, se afectan principalmente por el taponamiento de los haces vasculares, disminuyendo la absorción de agua y nutrientes, el intercambio de gases por cierre estomático e induciendo cascadas oxidativas y alteraciones en el PSII. El quitosán induce la señalización y defensa de la planta, activando la resistencia sistémica. Se determinó la capacidad de inhibición de crecimiento in vitro de Fol de tres moléculas de quitosán (bajo, medio y alto peso molecular) a diferentes concentraciones (0.5, 1; 1,5; 2; 2,5 y 3 mg mL-1). Las concentraciones mayores a 1 mg mL-1 inhibieron el crecimiento de Fol, alcanzando 95,8% de inhibición con quitosán de alto peso molecular (3 mg mL-1). En plantas, el quitosán (bajo peso molecular 2,5 mg mL-1) redujo en 70% la incidencia y en 91% la severidad de la enfermedad. Se evaluó el efecto del quitosán sobre la respuesta fisiológica de plantas de tomate infectadas por Fol, observando la Fv/Fm, Y(II), conductancia estomática (gs), CRA, contenido de prolina, pigmentos fotosintéticos, masa seca y expresión diferencial de genes (PAL, LOXA, ERF1 y PR1) relacionados con la defensa. Se obtuvo una reducción de 70% en la incidencia y 91% en la severidad de la enfermedad en plantas tratadas con quitosán, mitigando el daño del patógeno sobre la Fv/Fm, Y(II) y contenidos de clorofila a respectivamente en 23, 36 y 47%. Se observó menor impacto (55, 11 y 26% respectivamente) sobre la gs, CRA y masa seca. Las plantas tratadas con quitosán e infectadas con Fol, expresaron una respuesta de defensa inducida por la sobreexpresión de los genes de defensa, principalmente el PR1a, en una respuesta asociada a priming. Esto comprueba la capacidad inductora de resistencia del quitosán en plantas de tomate, a través del efecto protector sobre procesos fisiológicos.
Palabras clave
Marchitez vascular, Inducción de resistencia, Priming, Fotosíntesis, Expresión diferencial de genes
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