Actividad antimicrobiana del veneno de Bothrops asper y Porthidium nasutum sobre fitopatógenos de la maracuyá morada (Passiflora edulis f. edulis)
Resumen
Los patógenos más importantes que causan grandes daños a los cultivos de frutas y hortalizas son las bacterias y hongos; entre ellos se encuentran Xanthomonas y Fusarium, respectivamente. Estos fitopatógenos son responsables de varias enfermedades en los cultivos. En Colombia, el cultivo de Passiflora edulis f. edulis ocupa una posición preferencial dentro del mercado internacional. Sin embargo, diferentes patologías afectan su producción, una de ellas son las enfermedades infecciosas y son causadas precisamente por microorganismos como Xanthomonas y Fusarium. Su control incluye la aplicación de pesticidas o antibióticos, pero los microorganismos han desarrollado resistencia a algunos de ellos y otros están restringidos debido al impacto en el medio ambiente y por sus efectos en la salud animal y humana. Por ello, es necesario encontrar otras alternativas. Así, en este trabajo se evaluó la capacidad de los venenos de las víboras Bothrops asper y Porthidium nasutum para inhibir el crecimiento de microorganismos aislados de maracuyá morada. Para ello, se realizaron ensayos antimicrobianos en cultivos en agar y microdilución en caldo. Los resultados mostraron una inhibición del crecimiento del 80% de B. asper frente a Xanthomonas axonopodis y del 70% de Xanthomonas perforans. La concentración mínima de inhibición fue de 31,2 µg mL-1 para B. asper y de 500 µg mL-1 para P. nasutum para ambas bacterias. Sin embargo, la actividad contra F. oxysporum fue baja. El aislamiento del compuesto responsable de esta actividad contribuirá al desarrollo de nuevas moléculas de agentes antimicrobianos contra fitopatógenos que afectan los cultivos de maracuyá morada.
Palabras clave
Venenos de serpientes, Enfermedades infecciosas de las plantas, Xantomonas, Fusarium, Bioprospección
Citas
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