Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y de diagnóstico del ViLeF y VIF: una revisión actualizada
- María Casandra Canto-Valdés ,
- Manuel Emilio Bolio-González, Ph. D.
, - Hugo Ramírez-Álvarez, Ph. D.,
- Carlos Josué Cen-Cen, M.Sc.
Resumen
Los virus de la leucemia felina (ViLeF) e inmunodeficiencia felina (VIF) están clasificados dentro de la familia Retroviridae y son patógenos que afectan a los gatos domésticos. Estos retrovirus felinos tienen alta capacidad de mutación y recombinación, lo cual favorece una amplia población de subtipos virales con capacidades patogénicas diferentes. Tienen gran relevancia en la salud felina, no solo por la severidad de las manifestaciones clínicas en los pacientes, sino también por la complejidad diagnóstica que pueden representar. El rango de prevalencias es amplio entre distintos estudios y zonas geográficas, probablemente por influencia de los factores de riesgo, las condiciones clínicas de los gatos y las pruebas diagnósticas utilizadas. Las manifestaciones clínicas de la patogenia del ViLeF son variables, dependiendo del subtipo viral y del inmunocompromiso del hospedero, ya que pueden existir linfomas, leucemias, aplasia eritrocitaria, mielosupresión e inmunodeficiencia. Por otro lado, el VIF tiene un marcado tropismo hacia los linfocitos TCD4+, lo cual desencadena una inmunodeficiencia característica, pero también se ha descrito un frecuente neurotropismo. Para ambos virus, el diagnóstico de rutina es de tipo serológico, sin embargo, en algunas situaciones no es posible identificar correctamente a los gatos infectados. En estudios recientes se ha incluido el diagnóstico de estos virus por medio de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), lo que abre una posibilidad a la disminución de errores diagnósticos para el ViLeF, pero aún se discute su efectividad para la detección del VIF. El objetivo del presente artículo es proporcionar información actualizada y precisa sobre los aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y de diagnóstico del ViLeF y VIF en gatos domésticos
Palabras clave
diagnóstico, gatos, patogenia, prevalencia, virus de la inmunodeficiencia felina, virus de la leucemia felina
Citas
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