Bacterias patógenas en leche cruda: problema de salud pública e inocuidad alimentaria
Abstract
Artículo de revisión que muestra el panorama global de la situación actual de la presencia de bacterias patógenas en leche cruda, la cual constituye un peligro para la salud de los seres humanos, para este propósito se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica desde el año 2000 hasta el 2014, utilizando las palabras clave: Inocuidad de los alimentos, Productos lácteos, Inspección de alimentos, Leche, Bacterias gramnegativas y Bacterias grampositivas. El control
de calidad de la leche cruda es esencial para la salud humana y la competitividad en los mercados nacional e internacional, debido a lo anterior y a las dinámicas actuales en los mercados es necesario ofrecer a los productores de Boyacá herramientas de análisis que les ayuden a obtener leche de buena calidad, con alto valor nutricional e inocuidad, cumpliendo con las medidas higiénicas y sanitarias establecidas para la región cundiboyacense y el país, lo cual les garantizará, además, mejores beneficios económicos.
Keywords
Inocuidad de los Alimentos, Productos Lácteos, Inspección de Alimentos, Leche, Bacterias Gramnegativas, Bacterias Grampositivas.
References
S. Enfoques integrado para la gestión de la inocuidad de los alimentos a lo largo de toda la cadena alimentaria. Foro Mundial FAO/OMS de las Autoridades de Reglamentación sobre Inocuidad de los Alimentos. 2002: 28-30.
Organization WH. Manual sobre las cinco claves para la inocuidad de los alimentos. 2006.
Torres K, Sierra S, Potou R, Carrascal A, Mercado M. Patogenesis de Listeria monocytogenes, microorganismo zoonotico emergente. Revista MVZ Córdoba. 2005; 10 (1).
Braun-Fahrlander C, von Mutius E. Can farm milk consumption prevent allergic diseases? Clinical and experimental allergy. Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2011; 41(1): 29-35.
Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar. Encuesta nacional de la situación nutricional en Colombia 2010: ENSIN. Oficina Asesora de Comunicaciones y Atención al Ciudadano ICBF Bogota; 2011.
Lusk TS, Ottesen AR, White JR, Allard MW, Brown EW, Kase JA. Characterization of microflora in Latin-style cheeses by next-generation sequencing technology. BMC microbiology. 2012; 12:254.
Rural MdAyD. Decreto 616 de 2006.
Stilwell W. Origin and seasonal variation of bacterial contamination of milk. 2003.
Molineri AI, Signorini ML, Cuatrín AL, Canavesio VR, Neder VE, Russi NB et al. Association between milking practices and psychrotrophic bacterial counts in bulk tank milk. Revista Argentina de Microbiología. 2012; 44(3): 187-194.
Brisabois A, Lafarge V, Brouillaud A, De Buyser M, Collette C, Garin-Bastuji B, et al. Pathogenic organisms in milk and milk products: the situation in France and in Europe. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics). 1997; 16(2): 452-71.
Garedew L, Berhanu A, Mengesha D, Tsegay G. Identification of gram-negative bacteria from critical control points of raw and pasteurized cow milk consumed at Gondar town and its suburbs, Ethiopia. BMC public health. 2012; 12:950.
Wierup M, Widell S. Estimation of costs for control of Salmonella in high-risk feed materials and compound feed. Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. 2014; 4.
Oliver SP, Boor KJ, Murphy SC, Murinda SE. Food safety hazards associated with consumption of raw milk. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 2009; 6(7): 793-806.
Murinda SE, Nguyen LT, Ivey SJ, Gillespie BE, Almeida RA, Draughon FA, et al. Molecular characterization of Salmonella spp. isolated from bulk tank milk and cull dairy cow fecal samples. Journal of Food Protection. 2002; 65(7): 1100-5.
Oliver SP, Jayarao BM, Almeida RA. Foodborne pathogens in milk and the dairy farm environment: food safety and public health implications. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 2005; 2(2): 115-29.
Srinivasan V, Sawant AA, Gillespie BE, Headrick SJ, Ceasaris L, Oliver SP. Prevalence of enterotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of cows with mastitis. Foodbourne Pathogens & Disease. 2006; 3(3): 274-83.
Ramírez NF, Keefe G, Dohoo I, Sánchez J, Arroyave O, Cerón J, et al. Herd- and cow-level risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis in dairy farms from the High Plains of the northern Antioquia, Colombia. Journal of Dairy Science. 2014; 97(7): 4141-50.
Quigley L, O’Sullivan O, Stanton C, Beresford TP, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, et al. The complex microbiota of raw milk. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2013; 37(5): 664-98.
Bell C, Kyriakides A. Listeria: Una aproximación práctica al microorganismo y su control en los alimentos. Acribia; 2000.
Doyle MP, Beuchat LR, Montville TJ. Microbiología de los alimentos: fundamentos y fronteras. Acribia; 2001.
Vázquez-Boland JA, Kuhn M, Berche P, Chakraborty T, Domínguez-Bernal G, Goebel W, et al. Listeria pathogenesis and molecular virulence determinants. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2001; 14(3): 584-640.
Barmpalia I, Geornaras I, Belk K, Scanga J, Kendall P, Smith G et al. Control of Listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters with antimicrobials in the formulation and by dipping in organic acid solutions. Journal of Food Protection®. 2004; 67(11): 2456-64.
Erdosi O, Szakmar K, Reichart O, Szili Z, Laszlo N, Szekely Kormoczy P et al. Rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk and soft cheese by a redox potential measurement based method combined with real-time PCR. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. 2014; 62(3): 304-16.
Martínez-Blanch J, Sánchez G, Garay E, Aznar R. Evaluation of phenotypic and PCR-based approaches for routine analysis of Bacillus cereus group foodborne isolates. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 2011; 99(3): 697-709.
Vilas-Boas G, Peruca A, Arantes O. Biology and taxonomy of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, and Bacillus thuringiensis. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 2007; 53(6): 673-87.
FDA. Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Chapter 14: Bacillus cereus. 2003.
FDA. Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Chapter 4a. Diarreic E. coli. 2009.
Nataro JP, Kaper JB. Diarrheagenic escherichia coli. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1998; 11(1): 142-201.
Kim WJ, Hahn T-W, Kim D-Y, Lee M-G, Jung K-S, Ogawa M, et al. Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in dairy cattle and nonsymptomatic people for routine health screening in Korea. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2006; 21(5): 823-6.
Lagatolla C, Dolzani L, Tonin E, Lavenia A, Di Michele M, Tommasini T, et al. PCR ribotyping for characterizing Salmonella isolates of different serotypes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996; 34(10): 2440-3.
Le Minor L, Popoff MY. Designation of Salmonella enterica sp. nov., nom. rev., as the Type and Only Species of the Genus Salmonella: Request for an Opinion. International journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 1987; 37(4): 465-8.
Reeves M, Evins G, Heiba A, Plikaytis B, Farmer JJ. Clonal nature of Salmonella typhi and its genetic relatedness to other salmonellae as shown by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and proposal of Salmonella bongori comb. nov. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1989; 27(2): 313-20.
Tindall B, Grimont P, Garrity G, Euzeby J. Nomenclature and taxonomy of the genus Salmonella. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2005; 55(1):521.
Prokaryotes JCotICoSo. The type species of the genus Salmonella Lignieres 1900 is Salmonella enterica (ex Kauffmann and Edwards 1952) Le Minor and Popoff 1987, with the type strain LT2T, and conservation of the epithet enterica in Salmonella enterica over all earlier epithets that may be applied to this species. Opinion 80. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2005; 55(1): 519-20.
Dinges MM, Orwin PM, Schlievert PM. Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2000; 13(1): 16-34.
Gordon RJ, Lowy FD. Pathogenesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2008; 46 (Supplement 5): S350-S9.
Le Loir Y, Baron F, Gautier M. Staphylococcus aureus and food poisoning. Genet Mol Res. 2003; 2(1): 63-76.
Bianchi DM, Ingravalle F, Adriano D, Gallina S, Gramaglia M, Zuccon F et al. Reproducibility study for the detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxins in dairy products between official Italian national laboratories. Journal of Food Protection. 2014; 77(6): 999-1004.
Hansson I. Bacteriological and epidemiological studies of campylobacter spp. in Swedish broilers. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; 2007.
Penner J. The genus Campylobacter: a decade of progress. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1988; 1(2): 157-72.
Montville T, Matthews K. Microbiología de los alimentos: introducción. 2005.
Fabrega A, Vila J. Yersinia enterocolitica: pathogenesis, virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. 2012; 30(1): 24-32.
Van Kessel JA, Karns JS, Lombard JE, Kopral CA. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli virulence factors in bulk tank milk and in-line filters from U.S. dairies. Journal of Food Protection. 2011; 74(5): 759-68.
Pereira RV, Bicalho ML, Machado VS, Lima S, Teixeira AG, Warnick LD et al. Evaluation of the effects of ultraviolet light on bacterial contaminants inoculated into whole milk and colostrum, and on colostrum immunoglobulin G. Journal of Dairy Science. 2014.
Hill B, Smythe B, Lindsay D, Shepherd J. Microbiology of raw milk in New Zealand. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2012; 157(2): 305-8.
Giacometti F, Serraino A, Finazzi G, Daminelli P, Losio MN, Arrigoni N, et al. Sale of raw milk in northern Italy: food safety implications and comparison of different analytical methodologies for detection of foodborne pathogens. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 2012; 9(4): 293-7.
Giacometti F, Bonilauri P, Serraino A, Peli A, Amatiste S, Arrigoni N et al. Four-year monitoring of foodborne pathogens in raw milk sold by vending machines in Italy. Journal of Food Protection. 2013; 76(11): 1902-7.
Torres-Vitela MR, Mendoza-Bernardo M, Castro-Rosas J, Gomez-Aldapa CA, Garay-Martinez LE, Navarro-Hidalgo V, et al. Incidence of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Staphylococcal enterotoxin in two types of Mexican fresh cheeses. Journal of Food Protection, 2012; 75(1): 79-84.
Masoud W, Vogensen FK, Lillevang S, Abu Al-Soud W, Sorensen SJ, Jakobsen M. The fate of indigenous microbiota, starter cultures, Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua and Staphylococcus aureus in Danish raw milk and cheeses determined by pyrosequencing and quantitative real time (qRT)-PCR. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2012; 153(1-2): 192-202.
Addis Z, Kebede N, Worku Z, Gezahegn H, Yirsaw A, Kassa T. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from lactating cows and in contact humans in dairy farms of Addis Ababa: a cross sectional study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2011; 11: 222.
Al-Holy M, Lin M, Rasco B. Destruction of Listeria monocytogenes in sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) caviar by a combination of nisin with chemical antimicrobials or moderate heat. Journal of Food Protection. 2005; 68(3): 512-520.
Wallace FM, Call JE, Porto AC, Cocoma GJ, Luchansky JB. Recovery rate of Listeria monocytogenes from commercially prepared frankfurters during extended refrigerated storage. Journal of Food Protection. 2003; 66(4): 584-91.
Robinson TJ, Scheftel JM, Smith KE. Raw milk consumption among patients with non-outbreakrelated enteric infections, Minnesota, USA, 2001-2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2014; 20(1): 38-44.
Ruusunen M, Salonen M, Pulkkinen H, Huuskonen M, Hellstrom S, Revez J, et al. Pathogenic bacteria in Finnish bulk tank milk. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 2013; 10(2): 99-106.
Schoder D, Maichin A, Lema B, Laffa J. Microbiological quality of milk in Tanzania: from Maasai stable to African consumer table. Journal of Food Protection. 2013; 76(11): 1908-15.
Schobitz R, Marín M, Horzella M. Presencia de Listeria monocytogenes en leche cruda y quesos frescos artesanales. Agro Sur. 2001; 29(2): 114-9.
Rodríguez DC, Pino N, Penuela G. Microbiological quality indicators in waters of dairy farms: detection of pathogens by PCR in real time. The Science of the Total Environment. 2012; 427-428: 314-8.
Ramírez N, Henao OA, Muñoz MFC, Jaramillo MG, Cerón J, Baena LGP. Factores asociados a mastitis en vacas de la microcuenca lechera del altiplano norte de Antioquia, Colombia. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria. 2011(22): 31-42.
Vásquez FCM, Martínez GR, Mancera VMM, Ávila LEO, Vargas MR. Análisis microbiológico y su relación con la calidad higiénica y sanitaria de la leche producida en la región del Alto de Chicamocha (departamento de Boyacá). Revista de Medicina Veterinaria. 2007(14): 61-83.
Vergara Collazos D, Torres MF, González FE, Lasso Sambony N, Ortega Muñoz C. Prevalencia de brucelosis en la leche cruda de bovinos expendida en el municipio de Popayán, Cauca, septiembre-diciembre 2006. Biotecnología en el Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial. 2008; 6.
López MCV, MartínezLeón AJ. Serotipificación molecular de cepas colombianas de listeria monocytogenes. Alimentos Hoy. 2011; 13(13):3-9.
Rueda A. Utilización de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en tiempo real para determinar la incidencia de Listeria monocytogenes en leches crudas en el departamento de Boyacá. [Tesis de maestría]. Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad de Los Andes; 2005.