Fertilización fraccionada como estrategia para reducir la cantidad de fertilizante aplicado en cultivos de papa en Colombia. Estudio de caso
- Oscar Iván Monsalve
, - Eduardo María Espitia,
- Martha Marina Bolaños-Benavides
Resumen
En el cultivo de papa la fertilización puede tener baja eficiencia en términos de absorción de nutrientes debido a procesos de fijación, lixiviación y/o volatilización. Para contrarrestar este fenómeno se evaluó el efecto que tiene la aplicación fraccionada de fertilizantes sobre la planta y el suelo. Se evaluaron cinco tratamientos: Control - fertilización usada por los productores a nivel local; As - fertilización recomendada por el laboratorio; AsSplit - fraccionamiento mensual de la recomendación del laboratorio; AsSplit25 - fraccionamiento mensual de la recomendación del laboratorio, disminuida globalmente en un 25%; AsSplit50 - fraccionamiento mensual de la recomendación del laboratorio, disminuida globalmente en un 50%. El tratamiento AsSplit generó el mayor rendimiento (34.13 t ha-1), mientras que los tratamientos que redujeron la cantidad de fertilizante en 25% y 50%, obtuvieron el menor rendimiento (30.94 y 29.57 t ha-1, respectivamente), aunque generaron menor cantidad de NO3- en los lixiviados, tanto a los 30 como a los 90 cm de profundidad. Los resultados sugieren que, diseñar la fórmula de fertilización y aplicarla de acuerdo con los requerimientos de la planta de papa y la fertilidad del suelo, genera un efecto positivo en el rendimiento del cultivo y en el medio ambiente.
Palabras clave
Solanum tuberosum, Fertilización mineral fraccionada, Lixiviación de nitratos, Contaminantes del agua y suelo
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