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Vol. 18 Núm. 3 (2024)
En imprenta / In press

Sección de frutales

Propiedades del suelo asociadas al declive del aguacate antillano en los sistemas agroforestales de Montes de María, Colombia

https://doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2024v18i3.18008

Publicado 2024-09-01

  • Oscar Burbano-Figueroa
    • ,
  • Milena Moreno-Morán
    • ,
  • Jorge Luis Romero-Ferrer

Oscar Burbano-Figueroa
Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Turipaná Research Center, Cerete (Colombia)

Milena Moreno-Morán
Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Turipaná Research Center, Cerete (Colombia)

Jorge Luis Romero-Ferrer
Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Turipaná Research Center, Cerete (Colombia)

Decline of avocado trees in orchards located in the municipality of Carmen de Bolivar (Colombia). Photo: O. Burbano-Figueroa

Resumen

La región de Montes de María (MM) es uno de los mayores productores de aguacates antillanos en Colombia y ha experimentado una disminución significativa en la producción en las últimas dos décadas. Esta disminución se ha atribuido a varios factores bióticos, como Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands, termitas y escarabajos ambrosiales. Sin embargo, estos factores por sí solos no explican completamente la variabilidad espacial en la disminución de los árboles observada en la región. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el papel de las propiedades químicas y físicas del suelo en la exacerbación del declive del aguacate en MM. Se recolectaron muestras de suelo de 32 fincas de aguacates que mostraban diversos niveles de declive. Se empleó un análisis de componentes principales (PCF) para identificar los parámetros del suelo más fuertemente asociados con el declive del aguacate. El análisis reveló una amplia distribución de propiedades del suelo entre los huertos muestreados, con una variabilidad significativa en pH, Ca y capacidad de intercambio catiónico efectivo (ECEC). El análisis identificó cinco componentes principales, que explican el 76.8% de la varianza total en las propiedades del suelo. Entre estos, el PCF1, fuertemente asociado con Ca, pH y capacidad de intercambio catiónico efectivo (ECEC), mostró una correlación positiva significativa con la muerte descendente de ramas, lo que indica que los árboles de aguacate en suelos con niveles más altos de Ca y pH son más propensos al declive, probablemente debido a la clorosis férrica inducida en condiciones alcalinas. En contraste, el PCF5, asociado con fósforo (P) y materia orgánica (OM), mostró una fuerte correlación negativa con SDB, lo que sugiere que niveles más altos de P y OM pueden ayudar a reducir la gravedad de la enfermedad y ralentizar su progresión. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia de la gestión del suelo para mitigar el declive del aguacate y destacan la necesidad de estrategias integradas para abordar tanto los factores bióticos como abióticos.

Palabras clave

Persea americana Mill., Propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo, Caribe colombiano, Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands, Muerte descendente de ramas

PDF (English)

Citas

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