Evaluation of models of dermal human exposure to pesticides
Abstract
Summary: The identification of the estimated dose of human exposure to a pesticide is a fundamental aspect of the use of such compound, since this data is the most important and any protection measure established in order to reduce the health risk of an individual or an exposed population will depend on it. In developed countries and in some agroindustrial farms in Latin America, there are some tools for the evaluation of such exposure, but their implementation in small plots in developing countries is problematic due to production costs.
The author has performed a meta-analysis of human exposure results according to theoretical models of contaminant use, and has selected and evaluated each of the most appropriate models for assessing pesticide exposure in agricultural systems in developing countries.
It has classified eight models (i.e. COSHH, DERM, DREAM, EASE, PHED, RISKOFDERM, STOFFENMANAGER and PFAM) according to multiple analysis criteria and as a result of this evaluation, the theoretical and experimental application of five models (i.e. DERM, DREAM, PHED, RISKOFDERM and PFAM) in agricultural systems of potato, flower and long onion crops in Boyacá, Colombia. The results show that the models provide different estimates of human exposure, which are not completely comparable.
However, due to the simplicity of the algorithm and the specificity of the parameters, the DERM, DREAM and PFAM models have been found to be the most appropriate for application in case studies in developing countries.
Keywords
Human Exposure Assessment, Developing Countries, Human Exposure Estimation Models, Pesticides, Potato Crops
References
- Blanco, L.E., Aragón, A., Lundberg, I., Wesseling, C., Nise, G., 2008. The Determinants of Dermal Exposure Ranking Method (DERM): A pesticide exposure assessment approach for developing countries. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 52, 535-544.
- Cherrie, J.W., 1996. A new method for structured , subjective assessment of past concentrations. Occupational Hygiene, 75-83.
- Cherrie, J.W., Tickner, J., Friar, J., 2003. Evaluation and further development of the EASE model 2.0. . HSE Books., Sudbury, UK.
- Dosemeci, M., Alavanja, M.C.R., Rowland, A.S., Mage, D., Hoar Zahm, S., Rothman, N., Lubin, J.H., Hoppin, J.A., Sandler, D.P., Blair, A., 2002. A quantitative approach for estimating exposure to pesticides in the agricultural health study. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 46, 245-260.
- FAO, 2009. Food and agricultural commodities production. The statistics Division. Food and Agricultural Organization of hte United nations.
- Fabian, C.L.; Binder, C.R. Dermal Exposure Assessment to Pesticides in Farming Systems in Developing Countries: Comparison of Models. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 4670-4696.
- Feola, G., Binder, C.R., 2010. Why don't pesticide applicators protect themselves?: Exploring the use of personal protective equipment among Colombian smallholders. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 16, 11-23.
- García-Santos, G., Scheiben, D., Binder, C.R., 2011. The weight method: A new screening method for estimating pesticide deposition from knapsack sprayers in developing countries. Chemosphere 82, 1571-1577.
- Garrod, A.N.I., Rajan-Sithamparanadarajah, R., 2003. Developing COSHH Essentials: Dermal Exposure, Personal Protective Equipment and First Aid. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 47, 577-588
- Glass, C.R., Machera, K., 2009. Evaluating the risks of occupational pesticide exposure. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 2, 1-9.
- Johnston, K.L., Phillips, M.L., Esmen, N.A., Hall, T.A., 2005. Evaluation of an artificial intelligence program for estimating occupational exposures. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 49, 147-153.
- Lesmes-Fabian, C., Binder, C., 2013. Pesticide Flow Analysis to Assess Human Exposure in Greenhouse Flower Production in Colombia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, 1168-1185.
- Lesmes-Fabian, C., Garcia-Santos, G., Leuenberger, F., Nuyttens, D., Binder, C.R., 2012. Dermal Exposure Assessment of Pesticide Use: The Case of Sprayers in Potato Farms in the Colombian Highlands. Science of the Total Environment 430 (2012), 2002-2008.
- M.A.D.R., 2009. Oferta Agropecuaria. In: Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria - Cifras 2009 (Ed.). Corporación Colombia Internacional, Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Marquart, H., Heussen, H., Le Feber, M., Noy, D., Tielemans, E., Schinkel, J., West, J., Van Der Schaaf, D., 2008. 'Stoffenmanager', a Web-Based Control Banding Tool Using an Exposure Process Model. Ann Occup Hyg 52, 429-441.
- Oppl, R., Kalberlah, F., Evans, P.G., Van Hemmen, J.J., 2003. A Toolkit for Dermal Risk Assessment and Management: An Overview. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 47, 629-640.
- Ospina JM, Manrique-Abril FG, Ariza NE. 2009. Intervención Educativa sobre los Conocimientos y Practicas Referidas a los Riesgos Laborales en Cultivadores de Papa en Boyacá, Colombia. Revista de Salud Pública 11(2): 182–190.
- Schneider, T., Vermeulen, R., Brouwer, D.H., Cherrie, J.W., Kromhout, H., Fogh, C.L., 1999. Conceptual model for assessment of dermal exposure. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56, 765-773.
- Tielemans, E., Noy, D., Schinkel, J., Heussen, H., Van Der Schaaf, D., West, J., Fransman, W., 2008. Stoffenmanager exposure model: Development of a quantitative algorithm. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 52, 443-454.
- Van-Wendel-De-Joode, B., Brouwer, D.H., Vermeulen, R., Van Hemmen, J.J., Heederik, D., Kromhout, H., 2003. DREAM: A Method for Semi-quantitative Dermal Exposure Assessment. Ann Occup Hyg 47, 71-87.
- Van Hemmen, J.J., Auffarth, J., Evans, P.G., Rajan-Sithamparanadarajah, B., Marquart, H., Oppl, R., 2003. RISKOFDERM: Risk Assessment of Occupational Dermal Exposure to Chemicals. An Introduction to a Series of Papers on the Development of a Toolkit. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 47, 595-598.