Impacto de la temperatura del suelo sobre los frutales en escenarios de cambio climático
- Gerhard Fischer
, - Helber Enrique Balaguera-López,
- José Alejandro Cleves-Leguizamo
Resumen
El cambio climático por sus efectos sobre el aumento de la temperatura y el volumen de la precipitación tienen impactos importantes en los horizontes superficiales del suelo afectando el establecimiento, desarrollo y producción de los cultivos, con grave incidencia en la seguridad alimentaria. La radiación solar es la fuerza impulsora que influye el régimen térmico de las superficies terrestres. Aparte de la radiación, los efectos de la temperatura del suelo (TdS) son específicos según la especie frutal y principalmente modificados por la humedad, cobertura del suelo y temperatura del aire. La TdS creciente, dentro de un rango óptimo, promueve el crecimiento de las raíces y de toda la planta, además aumenta la absorción de agua y nutrientes, la fotosíntesis, transpiración y uso eficiente de agua, y también mismo los procesos microbianos. Estos efectos se demuestran en varios estudios de frutales presentados sobre vid, cítricos, uchuva, anonáceas, aguacate, olivo y tuna. Sin embargo, aparte de estos resultados positivos, es para tener en cuenta que el aumento de la TdS, debido al calentamiento global, puede generar estrés hídrico y a su vez afectar el rendimiento y la calidad de los frutales. Respecto al efecto de prácticas culturales, el mulching con láminas de plástico negro o azul pueden aumentar la temperatura del suelo y las de color blanco o plateado la disminuyen. En comparación con la temperatura del aire, la atención al aumento de la TdS en los estudios de fisiología de las plantas y del impacto climático ha sido más bien poco estudiado, en este sentido, este documento de revisión procura efectuar significativos aportes que permitan facilitar la toma de decisiones, tendiente a disminuir los efectos del calentamiento global con especial énfasis en los frutales
Palabras clave
Radiación solar, Mulching, Raíces, Absorción agua, Fotosíntesis, Uso eficiente de agua
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