Español en contacto con coreano: nuevas apreciaciones en el cambio de idioma
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Kim, S. (2020). Español en contacto con coreano: nuevas apreciaciones en el cambio de idioma. Cuadernos De Lingüística Hispánica, (36). https://doi.org/10.19053/0121053X.n36.2020.11301
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Silvia KimResumen
El cambio de código (‘code-switching’, CS) se refiere a la mezcla de idiomas donde las personas que hablan dos o más idiomas cambian de una a otra. Los trabajos sobre CS español-inglés han identificado varias restricciones morfosintácticas que gobiernan cuando ocurren los cambios (por ejemplo, Timm, 1975; Pfaff, 1979; Poplack, 1980). Sin embargo, ¿qué sucede cuando los idiomas son tipológicamente diferentes? Este es el caso del CS español-coreano, que no se ha investigado sistemáticamente. Estos idiomas difieren en muchos aspectos,incluyendo (i) estructura de la cláusula/orden de las palabras, (ii) ausencia/presencia de artículos y (iii) morfología (coreano: aglutinante, español: fusional) (Kwon, 2012; Bosque et al., 1999). Para este estudio, entrevistamos a bilingües hispano-coreanos para obtener un corpus naturalista. Sorprendentemente, encontramos que muchas restricciones propuestas para el CS español-inglés no son válidas para el español-coreano. Hay tres maneras en que el CS español-coreano viola las restricciones: (i) en contextos que involucran la estructura de cláusulas, (ii) uso de sustantivos y (iii) en el nivel de morfemas. Crucialmente, las violaciones no son aleatorias: sugerimos que provienen de las diferencias tipológicas. Este trabajo destaca los beneficios empíricos y teóricos de incluir pares de idiomas tipológicamente diversos al investigar el CS.
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Referencias
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Alexiadou, A. (2017). Building verbs in language mixing varieties. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft, 36(1), 165-192. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2017-0008
Alexiadou, A., & Lohndal, T. (2018). Units of language mixing: A cross-linguistic perspective. Frontiers in psychology, 9.
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Belazi, H., Rubin, E., Toribio, A. (1994). Code Switching and X-Bar Theory: The Functional Head Constraint. Linguistic Inquiry, 25(2), 221-237.
Berk-Seligson, S. (1986). Linguistic Constraints on Intrasentential Code-switching: A Study of Spanish/Hebrew Bilingualism. Language in Society, 15, 313-348. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500011799
Bosque, I., Demonte, V., Lázaro Carreter, F., Pavón Lucero, M. V., & Española, R. A. (1999). Gramática descriptiva de la lengua española. Espasa.
Chan, B. H. S. (2008). Code-switching, Word Order and the Lexical/Functional Category Distinction. Lingua, 118 (6), 777-809.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2007.05.004
Choi, J. (1991). Korean-English Code-switching: Switch-alpha and Linguistic Constraints. Linguistics, 29, 877-902.
https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1991.29.5.877
Chomsky, N. (1993). Language and Thought. London: Moyer Bell.
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Fishman, J., Cooper, R., Ma, R., et al. (1971). Bilingualism in the Barrio. Indiana University Press.
Fishman, J. A. (1977). The social science perspective. In Bilingual Education: Current Perspectives. Social Science pp. 1- 49. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Giancaspro, D. (2013). L2 learners' and heritage speakers' judgments of code-switching at the auxiliary-VP boundary. In Selected Proceedings of the 16th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, 56-69. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Gumperz, J. J. (1977). The Sociolinguistic Significance of Conversational Code-Switching. RELC Journal, 8(2), 1-34.
https://doi.org/10.1177/003368827700800201
Joshi, A. K. (1985). Processing of Sentences with Intrasentential Codeswitching. Natural Language Parsing: Psychological, Computational, and Theoretical Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, 190-205.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511597855.006
Kim, S. & Kaiser, E. (2019). English-Korean code-switching: Looking beyond balanced bilinguals and beyond Indo-European. The 25th Architectures and Mechanisms of Language Processing Conference, Moscow, Russia. [talk]
Kwon, J. I. (2012). Hankuke munpepnon (Korean grammar). Seoul: Tae Hak Sa.
MacSwan, J. (1999). A Minimalist Approach to Intrasentential Code Switching. Garland.
McClure, E., & Wentz, J. (1975). Code-switching among Mexican-American Children. Functionalism, Chicago: University of Chicago, 421-432.
Mahootian, S. (1993). A Null Theory of Codeswitching. Doctoral Dissertation, Northwestern University.
Mahootian, S., & Santorini, B. (1996). Code-switching and the Complement/Adjunct Distinction. Linguistic Inquiry, 27(3), 464-479.
Martin, S. E. (1992). Yale romanization. A reference grammar of Korean, 8-12.
McClure, E. (1981). Formal and Functional Aspects of Codeswitched Discourse of Bilingual Children. Latino Language and Communicative Behavior, Ablex, 69-94.
Muntendam, A. (2006). Diglossia, footing and Quechua-Spanish code-switching. In Symposium about language and society.
Nishimura, M. (1985). Intrasentential Code-switching in Japanese and English. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Nishimura, M., & Yoon, K. (1998). Head Directionality and Intrasentential Code-switching: A Study of Japanese Canadians and Korean Americans' Bilingual Speech. Japanese/Korean Linguistics 8, Stanford: CSLI Publications, 121-130.
Osawa, F. (1998). The Emergence of the D System and the Demise of Morphological Case in English. UCL Working Papers in Linguistics, 10, 467-488.
Park, J. (1990). Korean/English Intrasentential Code-switching: Matrix Language Assignment and Linguistic Constraints. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Park, K. (2016). A Constraint on Lexical Transfer, Journal of The Korea Society of Computer and Information, 21(11), 9-16.
https://doi.org/10.9708/jksci.2016.21.11.009
Pfaff, C. (1979). Constraints on Language Mixing: Intrasentential Code-Switching and Borrowing in Spanish/English. Language, 55, 291-318.
https://doi.org/10.2307/412586
Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I'll Start a Sentence in Spanish y termino en español: Toward a Typology of Code-switching. Linguistics, 18(7-8), 581-618.
https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1980.18.7-8.581
Poplack, S. (1981). Syntactic Structure and Social Function of Codeswitching. Latino Language and Communicative Behavior, Norwood: Ablex, 169-184.
Potowski, K. & Bolyanatz, M. (2012). Reactions to (in)felicitous codeswitching: Heritage speakers vs. L2 learners. In Selected Proceedings of the 14th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, 116-129. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Sánchez, L. (2012). Convergence in syntax/morphology mapping strategies: evidence from Quechua-Spanish code mixing. Lingua, 122(5), 511-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2011.10.004
Sankoff, D., & Poplack, S. (1981). A Formal Grammar for Code-Switching. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 14(1), 3-45.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08351818109370523
Simpson, A. (2019). Language and Society: An Introduction. Oxford University Press.
Timm, L. A. (1975). Spanish-English Codeswitching: el porqué y How-not to. Romance Philology, 28, 473-482.
Toribio, A. (2001). On the Emergence of Bilingual Code-switching Competence. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4(3), 203-231.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728901000414
Weinreich, U. (1953). Languages in contact. The Hague: Mouton.
Woolford, E. (1983). Bilingual Code-switching and Syntactic Theory. Lingusitic Inquiry, 14(3), 520-536.
Yoon, (1992). New Perspectives in Intrasentential Code-switching: A Study of Korean-English. Applied Psycholinguistics, 13, 433-449.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716400005750
Alexiadou, A. (2017). Building verbs in language mixing varieties. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft, 36(1), 165-192. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2017-0008
Alexiadou, A., & Lohndal, T. (2018). Units of language mixing: A cross-linguistic perspective. Frontiers in psychology, 9.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01719
Belazi, H., Rubin, E., Toribio, A. (1994). Code Switching and X-Bar Theory: The Functional Head Constraint. Linguistic Inquiry, 25(2), 221-237.
Berk-Seligson, S. (1986). Linguistic Constraints on Intrasentential Code-switching: A Study of Spanish/Hebrew Bilingualism. Language in Society, 15, 313-348. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500011799
Bosque, I., Demonte, V., Lázaro Carreter, F., Pavón Lucero, M. V., & Española, R. A. (1999). Gramática descriptiva de la lengua española. Espasa.
Chan, B. H. S. (2008). Code-switching, Word Order and the Lexical/Functional Category Distinction. Lingua, 118 (6), 777-809.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2007.05.004
Choi, J. (1991). Korean-English Code-switching: Switch-alpha and Linguistic Constraints. Linguistics, 29, 877-902.
https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1991.29.5.877
Chomsky, N. (1993). Language and Thought. London: Moyer Bell.
Cummins, J. (1981). The Role of Primary Language Development in Promoting Educational Success for Language Minority Students. Schooling and Language Minority Students: A Theoretical Framework, Sacramento: California State Department of Education, 3-49.
Fishman, J., Cooper, R., Ma, R., et al. (1971). Bilingualism in the Barrio. Indiana University Press.
Fishman, J. A. (1977). The social science perspective. In Bilingual Education: Current Perspectives. Social Science pp. 1- 49. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Giancaspro, D. (2013). L2 learners' and heritage speakers' judgments of code-switching at the auxiliary-VP boundary. In Selected Proceedings of the 16th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, 56-69. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Gumperz, J. J. (1977). The Sociolinguistic Significance of Conversational Code-Switching. RELC Journal, 8(2), 1-34.
https://doi.org/10.1177/003368827700800201
Joshi, A. K. (1985). Processing of Sentences with Intrasentential Codeswitching. Natural Language Parsing: Psychological, Computational, and Theoretical Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, 190-205.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511597855.006
Kim, S. & Kaiser, E. (2019). English-Korean code-switching: Looking beyond balanced bilinguals and beyond Indo-European. The 25th Architectures and Mechanisms of Language Processing Conference, Moscow, Russia. [talk]
Kwon, J. I. (2012). Hankuke munpepnon (Korean grammar). Seoul: Tae Hak Sa.
MacSwan, J. (1999). A Minimalist Approach to Intrasentential Code Switching. Garland.
McClure, E., & Wentz, J. (1975). Code-switching among Mexican-American Children. Functionalism, Chicago: University of Chicago, 421-432.
Mahootian, S. (1993). A Null Theory of Codeswitching. Doctoral Dissertation, Northwestern University.
Mahootian, S., & Santorini, B. (1996). Code-switching and the Complement/Adjunct Distinction. Linguistic Inquiry, 27(3), 464-479.
Martin, S. E. (1992). Yale romanization. A reference grammar of Korean, 8-12.
McClure, E. (1981). Formal and Functional Aspects of Codeswitched Discourse of Bilingual Children. Latino Language and Communicative Behavior, Ablex, 69-94.
Muntendam, A. (2006). Diglossia, footing and Quechua-Spanish code-switching. In Symposium about language and society.
Nishimura, M. (1985). Intrasentential Code-switching in Japanese and English. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Nishimura, M., & Yoon, K. (1998). Head Directionality and Intrasentential Code-switching: A Study of Japanese Canadians and Korean Americans' Bilingual Speech. Japanese/Korean Linguistics 8, Stanford: CSLI Publications, 121-130.
Osawa, F. (1998). The Emergence of the D System and the Demise of Morphological Case in English. UCL Working Papers in Linguistics, 10, 467-488.
Park, J. (1990). Korean/English Intrasentential Code-switching: Matrix Language Assignment and Linguistic Constraints. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Park, K. (2016). A Constraint on Lexical Transfer, Journal of The Korea Society of Computer and Information, 21(11), 9-16.
https://doi.org/10.9708/jksci.2016.21.11.009
Pfaff, C. (1979). Constraints on Language Mixing: Intrasentential Code-Switching and Borrowing in Spanish/English. Language, 55, 291-318.
https://doi.org/10.2307/412586
Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I'll Start a Sentence in Spanish y termino en español: Toward a Typology of Code-switching. Linguistics, 18(7-8), 581-618.
https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1980.18.7-8.581
Poplack, S. (1981). Syntactic Structure and Social Function of Codeswitching. Latino Language and Communicative Behavior, Norwood: Ablex, 169-184.
Potowski, K. & Bolyanatz, M. (2012). Reactions to (in)felicitous codeswitching: Heritage speakers vs. L2 learners. In Selected Proceedings of the 14th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, 116-129. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Sánchez, L. (2012). Convergence in syntax/morphology mapping strategies: evidence from Quechua-Spanish code mixing. Lingua, 122(5), 511-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2011.10.004
Sankoff, D., & Poplack, S. (1981). A Formal Grammar for Code-Switching. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 14(1), 3-45.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08351818109370523
Simpson, A. (2019). Language and Society: An Introduction. Oxford University Press.
Timm, L. A. (1975). Spanish-English Codeswitching: el porqué y How-not to. Romance Philology, 28, 473-482.
Toribio, A. (2001). On the Emergence of Bilingual Code-switching Competence. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4(3), 203-231.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728901000414
Weinreich, U. (1953). Languages in contact. The Hague: Mouton.
Woolford, E. (1983). Bilingual Code-switching and Syntactic Theory. Lingusitic Inquiry, 14(3), 520-536.
Yoon, (1992). New Perspectives in Intrasentential Code-switching: A Study of Korean-English. Applied Psycholinguistics, 13, 433-449.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716400005750
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