A paisagem lingüística de um bairro equatoriano em Queens, NY
Resumo
Estudos da diáspora sobre comunidades migrantes mostram que esses grupos transnacionais se apropriam do novo espaço no país receptor através de um processo de desterritorialização e reterritorialização. Esses processos envolvem uma reinterpretação e uma nova conceituação da relação linguística entre a língua do grupo diaspórico e a do país de origem. Um dos lugares mais visíveis onde essa relação deve ser negociada é na esfera pública, onde língua, cultura e identidade estão intimamente relacionadas (Blackwood et al. 2016). Por uma perspectiva multimodal e levando em conta metodologias qualitativas e quantitativas, este artigo analisa como a comunidade equatoriano-americana que vive em Queens, Nova York, transformou o cenário linguístico de seu ambiente para transformá-lo em um semelhante ao que tinham em seu país de origem.
Palavras-chave
paisagem linguística, diáspora equatoriana, comunidade minoritária, espanhol nos Estados Unidos
Referências
Aronin, L. and Singleton, D. (2012). Multilingualism. <IMPACT on language and society 30>. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.30
Aronin, L. & M. Ó Laoire. (2013). The material culture of multilingualism: moving beyond the linguistic landscape, International Journal of Multilingualism, 10(3), 225-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2012.679734
Backhaus, P. (2007). Linguistic Landscapes: A Comparative Study of Urban
Multilingualism in Tokyo. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853599484
Ben-Rafael, E. (2009). A sociological approach to the study of linguistic landscapes. In E. Shohamy & D. Gorter (Eds.), Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery (pp. 40–54). Abingdon: Routledge.
Ben-Rafael, E., Shohamy, E., Amara, M.H. and Trumper-Hecht, N. (2001) Linguistic landscape and multiculturalism: A Jewish-Arab comparative study. Unpublished research report.
Ben-Rafael, E., Shohamy, E., Amara, M., & Trumper-Hecht, N. (2006). The symbolic construction of the public space: The case of Israel. International Journal of Multilingualism, 3(1), 7–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790710608668383
Ben-Rafael, E., Shohamy, E., & Barni, M. Introduction: An approach to an ‘ordered disorden’. In: E. Shohamy, E. Ben-Rafael & M. Barni (eds.) Linguistic landscape in the city. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, p. xi-xxviii.
Bergad, L.W. (2016). The Latino Population of New York City 1990-2015. New York, NY: Center for Latin American, Caribbean, and Latino Studies at the CUNY Graduate Center.
Bernardo-Hinesley, S., Gubitosi, P. (Forthcoming). Linguistic landscape and the struggle for survival: The case of Cavite Chabacano. In: S. Hadi Mirvahedi (Ed.) Linguistic Landscape of Southeast Asia. Impact: Studies in Language, Culture and Society series. John Benjamins.
Blackwood, R., Lanza, E. & Woldemariam, H. (2016). Negotiating and contesting identities in linguistic landscapes. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
Blommaert, J. (2010). The sociolinguistics of globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511845307
Blommaert, J. (2013). Ethnography, superdiversity and linguistic landscapes. Chronicles of complexities. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783090419
Canagarajah, S. & Silberstein, S. (2012) Diaspora Identities and Language. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education 11, pp. 81–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2012.667296
Carson, L. & King, L. (2016). Introduction. In: L. King & L. Carson. (eds.) The multilingual city. Vitality, conflict and change. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Cenoz, J. (2013). Defining Multilingualism. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 33, 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026719051300007X
Cenoz, J. & Gorter, D. (2006) Linguistic landscape and minority languages. The International Journal of Multilingualism 3, 67-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790710608668386
Foner, N. (2007). How exceptional is New York? Migration and multiculturalism in the empire city. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 30 (6), 999-1023. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701599440
Gorter, D. (2018). Methods and Techniques for Linguistic Landscape Research: About Definitions, Core Issues and Technological Innovations. In Martin Pütz & Neele Mundt (Hrsg.), Expanding the Linguistic Landscape: Multilingualism, Language Policy and the Use of Space as a Semiotic Resource, 38–57. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788922166-005
Gorter, D. & J. Cenoz. (2015). Translanguaging and linguistic landscapes. Linguistic Landscape 1, 54–74. https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.1.1-2.04gor
Gratton, B. (2005) Ecuador en la historia de la migración internacional: ¿modelo o aberración? In Herrera, G., Carrillo, M.C. and Torres, A. (Eds) La Migración Ecuatoriana: transnacionalismo, redes e identidades. Quito: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Sede Ecuador, 32-55.
Gratton, B. (2007). Ecuadorians in the United States and Spain: History, gender and niche formation. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33 (4): 581-599. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830701265446
Gubitosi, P. (2019). La expresión de la pasividad en los hablantes de español en Houston, Texas. In: M. Haboud (ed.) Lenguas en contacto: desafíos en la diversidad. Quito: Centro de publicaciones PUCE; pp. 135-161.
Herrera, G. (2005). Mujeres ecuatorianas en las cadenas globales del cuidado, in Herrera, G., Carrillo, M.C. and Torres, A. (Eds) La Migración Ecuatoriana: transnacionalismo, redes e identidades. Quito: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Sede Ecuador, 281-303.
Hosbawn, E. (1983). Introduction: Inventing traditions. In: E. Hosbawn & T. Ranger (eds.). The invention of traditions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107295636.001
Huebner, T. (2006). Bangkok’s linguistic landscapes: Environmental print codemixing, and language change. In D. Gorter (ed) Linguistic Landscape: A New Approach to Multilingualism (pp. 31–51). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853599170-003
Johnstone, B. (2010). Indexing the local. In Coupland, N. (Ed.), The handbook of language and globalization (pp. 386–405). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444324068.ch17
Landry, R & Bourhis, R. (1997). Linguistic Landscape and ethnolinguistic vitality: An empirical study. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 16(1), 23-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X970161002
Laughlin, J. M. (2001). Reimaging the nation-state. The contested terrain of nation-building. Pluto Books.
Lipski, M. (2003). Contacto y conflicto: el vocalismo del castellano andino (Imbabura, Ecuador). Universidad del Estado de Pennsylvania. Estados Unidos.
Lytra, V. (2012). Multilingualism and multimodality. In M. Martin-Jones, A. Blackledge and A. Creese (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Multilingualism. Milton: Routledge, pp. 521-537.
Machin, D. (2007). Introduction to multimodal analysis. London: Hodder Education.
Malinowski, D. (2009). Authorship in the linguistic landscape. A multimodal performative view. In: E. Shohamy and D. Gorter (eds). Linguistic Landscapes: Expanding the scenary. London: Routledge, pp. 302-312.
Moriarty, M. (2014). Languages in motion: Multilingualism and mobility in the linguistic landscape. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(5), 457–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006913484208
Nayak, A. (2010). Race, affect, and emotion: young people, racism, and graffiti in the postcolonial English suburbs. Environment and Planning, 42, pp. 2370-2392. https://doi.org/10.1068/a42177
Patiño-Santos, A. (2015). On being Colombian in La Sagrada Familia Neighborhood. In: R. Márquez Reiter & L. Martín Rojo (eds.). A sociolinguistics of Diaspora. Latino Practices, Identities and Ideologies. Routledge: New York, 102-121.
Pennycook, A. (2019). Linguistic landscapes and semiotic assemblages. In: M. Pütz & N. Mundt (eds.). Expanding the linguistic landscape. Linguistic diversity, multimodality and the use of space as a semiotic resource. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, pp. 75-88. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788922166-007
Pütz, M. & Mundt, N. (2019). Multilingualism, multimodality and methodology: Linguistic landscape research in the context of assemblages, ideologies and (in)visibilities. An introduction. In: M. Pütz & N. Mundt (eds.). Expanding the linguistic landscape. Linguistic diversity, multimodality and the use of space as a semiotic resource. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, pp 1-22. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788922166-003
Rosa, J. (2015). Nuevo Chicago? Language, Diaspora, and Latina/o Panethic Formations. In: Márquez Reiter, R. and L. Martín Rojo (eds.): A sociolinguistics of Diaspora. Latino Practices, Identities and Ideologies. Routledge: New York, pp. 31-47.
Salzmann, T. Language, identity and urban space. The language use of Latin American migrants. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Shohami, Elana. (2015). LL research as expanding language and language policy. Linguistic Landscape 1:1/2, 152–171. https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.1.1-2.09sho
Stroud, C. (2016). Turbulent linguistic landscape and the semiotics of citizenship. In R. Blackwood, E. Lanza & H. Woldemariam. (eds.). Negotiating and contesting identities in linguistic landscapes. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
Stroud, C. & Mpendukana, S. (2009). Towards a material ethnography of linguistic landscape: Multilingualism, mobility and space in a South African township. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13(3), 363–386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00410.x
Vandenbroucke, M. (2015) Language visibility, functionality and meaning across
various TimeSpace scales in Brussels’ multilingual landscapes. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 36(2), 163–181.
Vertovec, S. (2007). Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies 30 (6), 1024-1054. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701599465
Woldemariam, H. and E. Lanza. (2015) Imagined community. The linguistic landscape in a diaspora. Linguistic Landscape 1:1/2, 172–190. https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.1.1-2.10wol