Linguistic Attitudes, Theoretical Review and Repercussions on Foreign Language Teaching
Abstract
This article focuses on the general revision of the linguistic attitude studiesfield, and particularly on its implementation on foreign languages teaching. At first, we locate the linguistic attitudesin terms of both psychology and linguistics, taking into account the principal authors and theories. Similarly, we examine their relation with linguistic consciousness, linguistic insecurity, stereotypes and prejudices. Next, the revision focuses on the problem of the linguistic attitudes’ definition, its characterization from its polysemy and its ambiguity, the discussion from the various approaches, and the different approaches to the diverse components taken into account in the most relevant theoretical perspectives. Likewise, we analyse the relations between style, standard, prestige, linguistic attitude studiesand the connotations that take place in contact languages situations referred to education, to the relation between linguistic attitudes’ learning and formation, and to the way the latter impact on foreign languages teaching/learning processes. Lastly, we analyse the relations between linguistic attitudes, motivation, language acquisition, and the way in which they intervene in the communicative proficiency and in the communicative adaptation processes of a language speaker.
Keywords
sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, linguistic research, ethnolinguistics
References
Agheyisi, R. & Fishman, J. (1970). Language Attitudes: A Brief Survey of Methodological Approaches. Anthropological Linguistics, 12(5), 137-157.
Ahmed, S. (2015). Attitudes towards English Language Learning among EFL Learners at UMSKAL. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(18), 6-16.
Alexander, C. & Norman, Jr. (1967). Attitude as A Scientific Concept. Social Forces, 45, 278-81. https://doi.org/10.2307/2574399
Allport, G. W. (1935). Attitudes. In C. Murchison (ed.), Handbook of Social Psychology (pp. 798-844). Clark U.P.
Allport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Addison-Wesley.
Alvar, M. (1996). Dialectología y cuestión de prestigio. En M. Alvar (dir.), Manual de dialectología hispánica. El español de España (pp. 15-21). Ariel.
Appel, R. & Muysken, P. (1987). Language Contact and Bilingualism. University Press.
Baetens Beardsmore, H. (1982). Bilingualism: Basic Principles. Multilingual Matters.
Baker, C. (1992). Attitudes and Language. Multilingual Matters.
Brown, D. H. (2007). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. (5th ed.). Longman.
Byram, M. (2004). Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning. Routledge.
Chein, I. (1948). Behavior Theory and the Behavior of Attitudes: Some Critical Comments. Physcol Rev, 55(3), 175-188. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054019
Christ, H. (1997). Language Attitudes and Educational Policy. In R. Wodak & P. Corson (eds.), Encyclopedia of Language and Education (pp. 1-11). Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4538-1_1
Doob, L. W. (1947). The Behavior of Attitudes. Psychological Review, 54, 135-156.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0058371
Fasold, R. (1990). The Sociolinguistics of Language (Volume 2). Blackwell Pub.
Fishbein, M. (1965). A Consideration of Beliefs, Attitudes and Their Relationships. In I.D. Steiner & M. Fishbein (eds.), Current Studies in Social Psychology (pp. 107-120). Holt, Reinhart and Winston, Inc.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Addison-Wesley.
Fishman, J. (1972). Language and Nationalism: Two Integrative Essays. Newsbury House.
Fishman, J. (1999). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity. Oxford University Press.
García, F. (1999). Fundamentos críticos de sociolingüística. Universidad de Almería.
Gardner, R. C. (1973). Attitudes and Motivation: Their role in Second Language Acquisition. In J. Oller & J. Ridhards (eds), Focus on the Learner (pp. 235-246). Newbury House.
Gardner, R. C. (2001). Integrative Motivation and Second Language Acquisition. In Z. Dörney & R. Schmidt (eds.), Motivation and Second Language Acquisition (pp. 1-19). Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawai'i, Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
Gardner, R. & Lambert, W. (1972). Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning. Newbury House.
Garrett, P. (2010). Attitudes to Language. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511844713
Giles, H. (1973). Accent Mobility: A Model and Some Data. Anthropological Linguistics 15(2), 87-105.
Giles, H. (2014). Language Attitudes: Social Determinants and Consequences of Language Variation. In M. Thomas, The Oxford Handbook of Language and Social Psychology (pp. 11-26). Oxford University Press.
Giles, H., & Powesland, P. F. (1975). Speech Style and Social Evaluation. Academic Press.
Giles, H. & Ryan, E. B. (1982) Prolegomena for Developing A Social Psychological Theory of Language Attitudes. In E. B. Ryan & H. Giles (eds.), Attitudes Towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts (pp. 99-115). Edward Arnold.
Green, B. F. (1954). Attitude Measurement in Lindzey. The Handbook of Social Psychology, 1, 335-369.
Guibernau, M. & Rex, J. (1997). The Ethnicity Reader. Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration. Polity Press.
Haboud, M. (1998). Quichua y castellano en los Andes. Los efectos de un contacto prolongado. Ediciones Abya-Yala.
Hecht, A. C. (2011). Encrucijadas entre las políticas educativas y el mantenimiento de las lenguas indígenas de Argentina. Espaço Amerindio, 4, 92-116.
https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-6524.11865
Hosseini, S. B., & Pourmandnia, D. (2013). Language Learners' Attitudes and Beliefs: Brief Review of the Related Literature and Frameworks. International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 4(4), 63-74.
Hymes, D. (1971). Competence and Performance in Linguistic Theory. In R. Huxley & E. Ingram (eds.), Language Acquisition: Models and Methods (pp. 67-99). Academic Press.
Hudson, R. A. (1980). Sociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press.
Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic Patterns. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Lambert, W. (1967). A Social Psychology of Bilingualism. JSI, 13(2), 91-109.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1967.tb00578.x
Lambert, W. W. & Lambert, W. E. (1964). Chapter 4. In W. Lambert & W. E. Lambert (eds.), Social Psychology (pp. 49-69). Englewood Cliffs.
Lambert, W. et al. (1960). Evaluational Reactions to Spoken Languages. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60, 44-51.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044430
La Piere, R. T. (1934). Attitudes vs. Action. Social Forces, 13, 230-237.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2570339
López, J.M. (1996). La norma lingüística hispánica "Los hispanohablantes y la unidad de la lengua española". En Z. Estrada, M. Figueroa & G. López (eds.), Memorias del III Encuentro de Lingüística del Noroeste (pp. 11-28). Universidad de Sonora.
López, H. (1989). Sociolingüística. Gredos.
https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1989.77.55
Malcolm, I.G. (1987). Continuities in Communicative Patterns in Crossculturals Classrooms. In B.K. Das (ed.), Communication and Learning in The Classroom Community (pp. 37-63). Singapore University Press.
Merisuo-Storm, T. (2007). Pupils' Attitudes Towards Foreign-Language Learning and The Development of Literacy Skills in Bilingual Education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(2), 226-235.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.04.024
Miquel, L. (2004). La subcompetencia sociocultural. En J. Sánchez Lobato & S. Gargallo, (dirs.), Vademécum para la formación de profesores. Enseñar español como segunda lengua (L2) /Lengua extranjera (LE) (pp. 511-532). SGEL.
Moreno, F. (1990). Metodología sociolingüística. Gredos.
Moreno, F. (1998). Principios de sociolingüística y sociología del lenguaje. Ariel.
Oppenheim, B. (1982). An Exercise in Attitude Measurement. In G. Breakwell (ed.), Social Psychology: A Practical Manual (pp. 38-56). Macmillan Education.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16794-4_3
Oroujlou, N. & Vahedi, M. (2011). Motivation, Attitude, and Language Learning. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 994-1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.333
Osgood, C. et al. (1957). The Measurement of Meaning. University of Illinois Press.
Rokeach, M. (1968). The Nature of Attitudes, International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences. Macmillan.
Rosenberg, M. J. (1960). A Structural Theory of Attitude Dynamics. Public Opinion Quarterly, 24, 319-40.
https://doi.org/10.1086/266951
Schneiderman, E. (1976). An Examination of the Ethnic and Linguistic Attitudes of Bilingual Children. RAL, 33, 59-72.
https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.33.04sch
Street Jr, R. L. & Hopper, R. (1982). A Model of Speech Style Evaluation. In E. Bouchard Ryan & H. Giles (eds.), Attitudes Toward Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts (175-188). Edward Arnold.
Trudgill, P. (1972). Sex, Covert Prestige and Linguistic Change in the Urban British English of Norwich. Language in Society, 1(2), 179-195.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500000488
White, S. (1989). Backchannels Across Cultures: A Study of Americans and Japanese. Language in Society, 18(1), 59-76.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500013270